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How to Read SQL Syntax

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We have used the following common variant of BNF notation for the SQL syntax diagrams in this book:

< > Angle brackets surround the names of syntactic elements. The brackets are not part of the syntax; do not include them in your SQL statement.

::= The definition operator separates the syntactic element being defined from its definition. Read the definition from left to right.

[ ] Square brackets surround optional syntax. You may choose whether or not to omit such syntax when forming an SQL statement. The brackets are not part of the syntax; do not include them in your SQL statement.

{ } Braces surround mandatory syntax groupings. You must include the entire grouping when forming an SQL statement. The braces are not part of the syntax; do not include them in your SQL statement.

| The vertical bar separates groups of syntactic elements. You must choose one of the elements when forming an SQL statement. The vertical bar is not part of the syntax; do not include it in your SQL statement.

... An ellipsis following a syntactic element indicates that the syntax is repeatable. You may include the element as often as you wish when forming an SQL statement. The ellipsis is not part of the syntax; do not include it in your SQL statement.

 Blank spaces (whether single or multiple spaces and/or line breaks) separate syntactic elements.

All other characters in a definition stand for themselves.

We also follow these notation conventions:

1. Words written in uppercase letters are SQL <keyword>s. You must write them exactly as shown when forming an SQL statement, except that you have the choice of writing them in either uppercase or lowercase letters.
2. Words written in lowercase letters represent syntactic categories. You must replace them with actual <identifier>s or <literal>s when forming an SQL statement.
3. Parentheses that appear in a syntax diagram are part of the syntax. You must include them when forming an SQL statement.

Thus, as in the following simplified example of an SQL syntax diagram:

CREATE TABLE <Table name> (
     <Column name> {INTEGER | CHARACTER(5)} )

1. The words CREATE and TABLE are SQL <keyword>s and must be included, without changes, in a CREATE TABLE statement.
2. The words <Table name> and <Column name> are syntactic categories and must be replaced with an actual <Table name> and <Column name>, respectively, in a CREATE TABLE statement. The angle brackets around "Table name" and "Column name" indicate that these terms are defined with a syntax diagram somewhere in this book.
3. The parentheses are part of the syntax and must be included, exactly where shown, in a CREATE TABLE statement.
4. The braces and vertical bar after the <Column name> indicate that either one of the SQL <keyword>s "INTEGER" or "CHARACTER(5)" must be included, without changes, in a CREATE TABLE statement.

Based on this example, the following two SQL statements are the only valid uses of the syntax:

CREATE TABLE A_Table_Name (
     a_column_name INTEGER);

   CREATE TABLE A_Table_Name (
     a_column_name CHARACTER(5));

Larry Kudlow - Questionable Economic Views from an Alleged Democrat

Kudlow opposes estate taxes, as well as taxes on dividends and capital gains. He also advocates that employees be compelled to make greater contributions to their pension and medical costs, suggesting that these expenses are an undue burden on businesses and defends high executive compensation as a manifestation of market forces and opposes most forms of government regulation.


Source: Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Kudlow

This was economic prediction prior to "The Great Recession" -

Kudlow firmly denied that U.S. would enter a recession (in 2007) or that the U.S. was in recession (in early and mid 2008). In December, 2007 he wrote: "The recession debate is over. It's not gonna happen. Time to move on. At a bare minimum, we are looking at Goldilocks 2.0. (And that's a minimum). The Bush boom is alive and well. It's finishing up its sixth splendid year with many more years to come".^[11] In May, 2008 he wrote:"President George W. Bush may turn out to be the top economic forecaster in the country" in his "R" is for "Right".^[12]


He couldn't have been more wrong.

Work in SQL Server 2008 R2

SELECT TDate = t1.TDate, TOpenP = t1.TOpenP, THighP = t1.THighP,
TLowP = t1.TLowP, TCloseP = t1.TCloseP, TVolume = t1.TVolume
    FROM dbo.ibm$ t1 
    INNER JOIN dbo.intc$ t2 
    ON t1.TDate = t2.TDate
    AND t1.TDate = '2011-01-21 00:00:00.000'

=======================================================================

Ambiguous column name is usually the result of a poorly constructed inner join

BAD:

----------------------------------------------------

SELECT TDate

From ibm$

INNER JOIN intc$

ON ibm$.TDate=intc$.TDate

----------------------------------------------------

GOOD:

SELECT TDate = t1.TDate

    FROM ibm$ t1 

    JOIN intc$ t2 

    ON t1.TDate = t2.TDate

SELECT TDate = t1.TDate

    FROM ibm$ t1 

    JOIN intc$ t2 

    ON t1.TDate = t2.TDate

    AND t1.TDate = '2011-01-21 00:00:00.000'

/****** Script for SelectTopNRows command from SSMS  ******/
SELECT TOP 1000 [F1]
      ,[F2]
      ,[F3]
      ,[F4]
      ,[F5]
      ,[F6]
  FROM [trading].[dbo].[intc$]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

/****** Script for SelectTopNRows command from SSMS  ******/

SELECT TOP 1000 [name]

      ,[team]

      ,[salary]

      ,[sickleave]

  FROM [BASKETBALL].[dbo].[DONG]

--------------------------------------------

create database trading

----------------------------------------------

create table intel

(t_date date not null,

t_open decimal(10,2) not null,

t_high decimal(10,2) not null,

t_low decimal(10,2) not null,

t_close decimal(10,2) not null,

volume numeric(11) not null);

----------------------------------------------

SELECT * FROM ‘intc$’

-----------------------------------------------

Click Finish to perform the following actions:

Source Location : C:\Users\edog\Documents\intc.xls

Source Provider : Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0

Destination Location : DRC-PC\DONGSERVER

Destination Provider : SQLNCLI10

·          Copy rows from `intc$` to [dbo].[intc$]

The new target table will be created.

·          The package will not be saved.

·          The package will be run immediately.

Provider mapping file : C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\100\DTS\MappingFiles\JetToMSSql9.xml

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Setting Up an ODBC (Open Database Connection) to Oracle's Express Edition SQL Server

The Federal Reserve Keeping Interest Rates Artificially Low

Very simply, Volcker bit the bullet and stopped the purchase of government securities that were keeping interest rates artificially low.

SymbolNameTradeChangeVolumeAvg Vol (3m)Last Trade SizeShort RatioPre Mkt Chg & PctFloatAnnualized GainAft Mkt Chg & PctRelated InfoZDH11.CBT

Dow Jones Industrial Average In

11,675.00 59.00 0.51%0-1---Chart, more...^DJI

Dow Jones Industrial Average

11,772.39 100.51 0.86%68,009,1314,095,380,0000---Chart, more...DIA

SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Avera

117.65 1.10 0.94%2,530,3176,405,2901,000- 1.00 0.86%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...^IXIC

NASDAQ Composite

2,733.74 16.91 0.62%01,855,090,0000---Chart, more...QQQQ

PowerShares Exchange-Traded Fun

56.50 0.34 0.61%23,362,34061,997,7001,100- 0.32 0.56%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...^RUT

Russell 2000

802.16 7.40 0.93%0N/A0---Chart, more...IWM

iShares Russell 2000

80.06 0.77 0.97%20,231,09546,332,500200- 0.73 0.92%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...^GSPC

S&P 500 INDEX,RTH

1,285.81 11.33 0.89%1,613,715,9244,095,380,0000---Chart, more...SPY

SPDR S&P 500

128.71 1.28 1.00%51,046,250158,977,000300- 1.18 0.93%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...^VIX

VOLATILITY S&P 500

16.28 0.61 3.61%0N/A0---Chart, more...^FTSE

FTSE 100

6,050.72 36.69 0.61%0783,056,0000---Chart, more...^GDAXI

DAX

7,068.78 127.21 1.83%030,358,6000---Chart, more...^FCHI

CAC 40

3,945.07 83.15 2.15%0120,097,0000---Chart, more...^IBEX

IBEX 35

10,101.20 519.10 5.42%3,797,922231,011,0000---Chart, more...^N225

NIKKEI 225

10,512.80 2.12 0.02%0132,0100---Chart, more...^HSI

HANG SENG INDEX

24,125.61 365.27 1.54%01,612,000,0000---Chart, more...CR-Y.NYB

Reuters/Jefferies CRB - Index -

334.42 2.96 0.89%0-0---Chart, more...GLD

SPDR Gold Trust

134.99 0.08 0.06%5,952,89416,420,3002,000- 0.03 0.02%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...SLV

iShares Silver Trust

28.95 0.06 0.20%10,384,16528,985,300200- 0.07 0.25%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...JJC

iPath Dow Jones UBS Copper Tota

58.82 0.89 1.54%98,192186,882200- 0.85 1.47%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...PALL

ETFS Physical Palladium Shares

80.16 2.18 2.80%165,281314,558100- 2.22 2.85%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...PPLT

ETFS Physical Platinum Shares

178.33 2.33 1.32%59,19872,234100- 2.54 1.44%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...COPX

Global X Copper Miners ETF

20.13 0.53 2.70%151,005183,723250- 0.55 2.81%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...PAH11.NYM

Palladium Mar 11

808.35 24.60 3.14%0-1---Chart, more...PLH11.NYM

Platinum Mar 11

1,784.80 17.20 0.97%0-1---Chart, more...GCH11.CMX

Gold Mar 11

1,383.70 1.60 0.12%0-2---Chart, more...SIH11.CMX

Silver Mar 11

29.61 0.11 0.36%0-1---Chart, more...HGH11.CMX

Copper Mar 11

4.42 0.07 1.56%0-1---Chart, more...CLF11.NYM

Light Sweet Crude Oil Futures,J

88.70 0.11 0.12%0-1---Chart, more...RBF11.NYM

New York Harbor RBOB (Blendstoc

2.45 0.06 2.43%0-1---Chart, more...HOF11.NYM

Heating Oil Futures,Jan-2011,Co

2.54 0.06 2.35%0-3---Chart, more...NGF11.NYM

Henry Hub Natural Gas Futures,J

4.220.000.00%0-1---Chart, more...EHF11.CBT

Ethanol (Denatured Fuel) Future

2.31 0.01 0.35%0-0---Chart, more...KCH11.NYB

Coffee Mar 11

241.10 6.40 2.73%0-1---Chart, more...CTH11.NYB

Cotton Mar 11

149.40 2.15 1.46%0-1---Chart, more...WH11.CBT

Wheat Mar 11

770.50 11.00 1.45%0-1---Chart, more...CH11.CBT

Corn Mar 11

630.25 23.25 3.83%0-3---Chart, more...SF11.CBT

Soybeans Jan 11

1,413.00 59.00 4.37%0-1---Chart, more...NGH11.CBT

Five-Year Interest Rate Swap Fu

107.53 0.34 0.32%0-10---Chart, more...7IH11.CBT

Seven Year Interest Rate Swap F

106.27 0.36 0.34%0-3---Chart, more...SRH11.CBT

Ten-Year Interest Rate Swap Fut

104.200.000.00%0-0---Chart, more...NZH11.CBT

Thirty-Year Interest Rate Swap

96.230.000.00%0-0---Chart, more...^IRX

TREASURY BILL 13-WEEK

0.140.000.00%0N/A0---Chart, more...^FVX

Treasury Yield 5 Years

2.03 0.71 53.67%0N/A0---Chart, more...^TYX

Treasury Yield 30 Years

4.54 0.06 1.29%0N/A0---Chart, more...TBT

ProShares UltraShort Lehman 20+

38.91 0.56 1.46%5,328,95015,321,400500- 0.53 1.38%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...EDF11.CME

Eurodollar Futures,Jan-2011,Com

99.70 0.00 0.00%0-123---Chart, more...ZQH11.CBT

Thirty-Day Fed Fund Futures Set

99.83 0.01 0.01%0-31---Chart, more...TBH11.CME

Three-month US Treasury Bills F

99.270.000.00%0-0---Chart, more...ZTH11.CBT

Two-Year US Treasury Note Futur

109.40 0.07 0.06%0-3---Chart, more...Z3NH11.CBT

U.S. Treas Notes 3 year Futures

114.000.000.00%0-0---Chart, more...ZFH11.CBT

Five-Year US Treasury Note Futu

117.66 0.30 0.25%0-5---Chart, more...ZNH11.CBT

Ten-Year US Treasury Note Futur

120.13 0.42 0.35%0-1---Chart, more...ZBH11.CBT

Thirty-Year US Treasury Bond Fu

120.34 0.63 0.52%0-6---Chart, more...NBF11.NYM

Chicago Basis Swap Futures,Jan-

0.180.000.00%0-0---Chart, more...399130.SZ

MANUFACTURING INDEX

1,377.34 5.04 0.37%2,304,743,9603,910,030,000477,930---Chart, more...DX-Y.NYB

US Dollar Index Futures Cash,Co

80.28 0.57 0.70%0-0---Chart, more...USDJPY=X

USD/JPY

83.1750 0.1600 0.19%0-0---Chart, more...EURUSD=X

EUR/USD

1.3092 0.01 0.91%0N/A0---Chart, Message, more...AUDUSD=X

AUD/USD

0.9943 0.01 0.79%0-0---Chart, Message, more...USDCAD=X

USD/CAD

0.9872 0.0026 0.26%0-0---Chart, more...USDCHF=X

USD/CHF

0.9714 0.0022 0.23%0-0---Chart, more...USDCNY=X

USD/CNY

6.6085 0.0325 0.49%0-0---Chart, more...SLW

Silver Wheaton Corp Common Shar

34.65 0.46 1.31%4,454,59810,219,9005001 0.57 1.62%345.84M-N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...AGQ

ProShares Ultra Silver

145.34 0.65 0.45%443,5061,157,420500- 0.54 0.37%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...VXX

iPath S&P 500 VIX Short Term Fu

33.29 1.65 4.73%8,613,03110,058,0003,700- 1.58 4.52%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...XRT

SPDR S&P Retail ETF

47.41 0.65 1.39%5,157,1639,684,660500- 0.63 1.35%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...XOP

SPDR S&P Oil & Gas Explor & Pro

54.29 0.54 1.00%705,6393,339,790100- 0.55 1.01%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...XME

SPDR S&P Metals & Mining ETF

70.83 0.06 0.08%1,513,2263,570,540100- 0.20 0.28%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...XLI

SPDR Select Sector Fund - Indus

35.82 0.38 1.07%3,777,08111,710,500300- 0.34 0.96%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...XHB

SPDR Series Trust SPDR Homebuil

18.17 0.23 1.25%1,414,7194,934,270100- 0.21 1.17%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...VWO

Vanguard Emerging Markets ETF

48.60 0.81 1.69%9,236,86816,487,100100- 0.77 1.61%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...XLK

SPDR Select Sector Fund - Techn

25.95 0.22 0.86%3,618,3109,319,670100- 0.21 0.82%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...XLY

SPDR Select Sector Fund - Consu

37.85 0.19 0.50%5,118,2306,338,520100- 0.16 0.42%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...XLP

SPDR Select Sector Fund - Consu

29.31 0.28 0.95%2,224,4685,448,740100- 0.25 0.86%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...XLU

SPDR Select Sector Fund - Utili

31.68 0.23 0.72%2,188,8185,259,320100- 0.22 0.68%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...UWM

ProShares Ultra Russell2000

44.71 0.85 1.94%1,009,3212,110,860100- 0.77 1.76%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...XLV

SPDR Select Sector Fund - Healt

32.35 0.21 0.65%879,6035,677,5606,000- 0.19 0.59%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...TWM

ProShares UltraShort Russell200

11.97 0.22 1.81%2,409,3924,781,510300- 0.20 1.64%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...SRS

ProShares UltraShort Real Estat

18.08 0.24 1.31%541,3872,198,640200- 0.13 0.71%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...SH

ProShares Short S&P500

42.85 0.42 0.97%705,3792,290,620500- 0.38 0.88%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...RSX

Market Vectors TR Russia ETF

40.04 1.32 3.40%2,508,2212,699,290157- 1.30 3.36%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...IYR

iShares Dow Jones U.S. Real Est

55.96 0.35 0.63%3,611,7259,008,140200- 0.15 0.27%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...UUP

PowerShares DB USD Index Bullis

23.07 0.20 0.84%1,305,3955,136,710100- 0.16 0.67%--N/AN/AChart, Message, Profile, more...Total